In this part, we will understand how Linux organizes files internally. This is one of the most important Linux concepts. Without this knowledge, Linux commands feel confusing and dangerous.
Linux follows a simple but strict rule: everything is a file.
Hardware devices, configuration, logs, and even running processes are represented using files.
Linux does not use drive letters like Windows (C:, D:). Everything starts from a single root directory:
/All files and folders exist under this root. There is no concept of multiple independent roots.
Contains essential binary commands like:
These commands are required for the system to function.
Stores system-wide configuration files. No executable programs are stored here.
Editing files in /etc directly affects system behavior.
Each user has a personal directory inside /home.
/home/usernameThis is where personal files, downloads, and settings live.
This is the home directory of the administrator (root user).
Normal users should not work here.
Contains files that change frequently:
Server logs are usually stored in /var/log.
Stores applications, libraries, and documentation.
Despite the name, this directory is shared by all users.
Used for temporary data. Files here are often deleted automatically after reboot.
Hardware devices are exposed as files here.
This allows Linux to treat hardware uniformly.
A virtual file system. Contains live information about running processes and kernel state.
Linux commands assume you understand this layout. Deleting or modifying the wrong directory can break the system.
Never delete files unless you understand:
In the next part, we will learn basic Linux commands and how to safely navigate the file system.
Next: Basic Linux Commands →